COMPULSORY LICENSING AND ACCESS TO MEDICINES IN POST DOHA ERA: WHAT HOPE FOR AFRICA?

Finding flaws: the limitations of compulsory licensing for improving access to medicines--an international comparison.

Compulsory Licensing and Access to Medicine in Developing Countries

Compulsory patent licensing and local drug manufacturing capacity in Africa.

Africa has the highest disease burden in the world and continues to depend on pharmaceutical imports to meet public health needs. As Asian manufacturers of generic medicines begin to operate under a more protectionist intellectual property regime, their ability to manufacture medicines at prices that are affordable to poorer countries is becoming more circumscribed. The Doha Declaration on the ...

Trends in Compulsory Licensing of Pharmaceuticals Since the Doha Declaration: A Database Analysis

BACKGROUND It is now a decade since the World Trade Organization (WTO) adopted the "Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health" at its 4th Ministerial Conference in Doha. Many anticipated that these actions would lead nations to claim compulsory licenses (CLs) for pharmaceutical products with greater regularity. A CL is the use of a patented innovation that has been licensed by a stat...

TRIPS, the Doha declaration and paragraph 6 decision: what are the remaining steps for protecting access to medicines?

BACKGROUND The World Trade Organisation's Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health (known as the Doha Declaration) of 2001, and subsequent Decision on the Interpretation of Paragraph 6 reached in 2003, affirmed the flexibilities available under the Agreement on Trade Related Property Rights (TRIPS) to member states seeking to protect public health. Despite these important clarificat...